![]() ![]() Most of the countries that border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of petroleum, with monarchs of the Arabian Peninsula in particular benefiting economically from petroleum exports. Conversely, the Levantine coast and most of Turkey have relatively temperate climates typical of the Mediterranean, with dry summers and cool, wet winters. These regions are collectively known as the Fertile Crescent, and comprise the core of what historians had long referred to as the cradle of civilization (a label now applied to multiple regions of the world). Several major rivers provide irrigation to support agriculture in limited areas here, such as the Nile Delta in Egypt, the Tigris and Euphrates watersheds of Mesopotamia, and the basin of the Jordan River that spans most of the Levant. The Middle East generally has a hot, arid climate, especially in the Arabian and Egyptian regions. Arabs constitute the main ethnic group in the region, followed by Turks, Persians, Kurds, Azeris, Copts, Jews, Assyrians, Iraqi Turkmen, Yazidis, and Greek Cypriots. Several major religions have their origins in the Middle East, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, with the geopolitical importance of the region being recognized for millennia. The most populous countries in the region are Egypt, Turkey, and Iran, while Saudi Arabia is the largest Middle Eastern country by area. Most Middle Eastern countries (13 out of 18) are part of the Arab world. The region includes the vast majority of the territories included in the closely associated definition of West Asia, but without the South Caucasus, and additionally includes all of Egypt (not just the Sinai) and all of Turkey (not just the part barring East Thrace). The term "Middle East" has led to some confusion over its changing definitions, and being seen as too Eurocentric. The term came into widespread usage as a replacement of the term Near East (as opposed to the Far East) beginning in the early 20th century. The Middle East (term originally coined in English ) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq. Middle East map of Köppen climate classification. In March 2019, it renamed its capital from Astana to Nur-Sultan.Map of the Middle East between North Africa, Southern Europe, Central Asia, and Southern Asia. Kazakhstan is part of Asia but not generally considered part of the Middle East.Georgia and Cyprus are part of Europe, but are included in this quiz because they were cut off on the Europe quiz.This, of course, would be based on political and economic definitions, not on a physical definition. Armenia and Azerbaijan have long been associated with the Middle East but some sources now consider them part of Europe based on their economic and political trends. ![]() You can read more about the status of Jerusalem on Wikipedia, or research the issue yourself. Palestine also claims Jerusalem as its capital. Most countries have their embassies in Tel Aviv, which is Israel's main economic center.
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